Steel - online puzzles

Steel

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with improved strength and fracture resistance compared to other forms of iron. Many other elements may be present or added. Stainless steels, which are resistant to corrosion and oxidation, typically need an additional 11% chromium. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, bicycles, machines, electrical appliances, furniture, and weapons.

Iron is the base metal of steel. Depending on the temperature, it can take two crystalline forms (allotropic forms): body-centred cubic and face-centred cubic. The interaction of the allotropes of iron with the alloying elements, primarily carbon, gives steel and cast iron their range of unique properties. In pure iron, the crystal structure has relatively little resistance to the iron atoms slipping past one another, and so pure iron is quite ductile, or soft and easily formed. In steel, small amounts of carbon, other elements, and inclusions within the iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations.

The carbon in typical steel alloys may contribute up to 2.14% of its weight. Varying the amount of carbon and many other alloying elements, as well as controlling their chemical and physical makeup in the final steel (either as solute elements, or as precipitated phases), impedes the movement of the dislocations that make pure iron ductile, and thus controls and enhances its qualities. These qualities include the hardness, quenching behaviour, need for annealing, tempering behaviour, yield strength, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. The increase in steel's strength compared to pure iron is possible only by reducing iron's ductility.

Steel was produced in bloomery furnaces for thousands of years, but its large-scale, industrial use began only after more efficient production methods were devised in the 17th century, with the introduction of the blast furnace and production of crucible steel. This was followed by the open-hearth furnace and then the Bessemer process in England in the mid-19th century. With the invention of the Bessemer process, a new era of mass-produced steel began. Mild steel replaced wrought iron. The German states saw major steel prowess over Europe in the 19th century.Further refinements in the process, such as basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS), largely replaced earlier methods by further lowering the cost of production and increasing the quality of the final product. Today, steel is one of the most commonly manufactured materials in the world, with more than 1.6 billion tons produced annually. Modern steel is generally identified by various grades defined by assorted standards organisations. The modern steel industry is one of the largest manufacturing industries in the world, but also one of the most energy and greenhouse gas emission intense industries, contributing 8% of global emissions. However, steel is also very reusable: it is one of the world's most-recycled materials, with a recycling rate of over 60% globally.

Marianne mints. online puzzleCutlery online puzzlearchi 3 online puzzleRim_Test online puzzleTorre puzzle online from photoasdqweqwe puzzle online from photoCool Zone puzzle online from photodsfdsafaf puzzle online from photoCho Cho Chrles Jigsaw puzzle online from photoPancheros puzzle online from photosquadra online puzzleYithtehjruj puzzle online from photogate puzzle online from photoJumbled Datacenter puzzle online from photoF.L.Y. Phantasialand online puzzlevac fair picture online puzzleVintage Typewriter Machine online puzzlebobbin case puzzle online from photoPark Bench online puzzlebank puzzle online from photoSydney Harbour Bridge puzzle online from photoConstruction puzzle online from photoSolar heater 2. online puzzleRENOVATION puzzle online from photo
KItchen Knife online puzzleEuropean Solidarity Centre in Gdansk online puzzlelow angle view of skyscrapers in Shanghai,China puzzle online from photoSydney Harbour Bridge puzzle online from photopapricchio di test online puzzleMember Days online puzzleTrezorjáték puzzle online from photoScooter got surprise gift online puzzlekeygame555 online puzzlecivilization knot online puzzleCondo Construction online puzzleBrandon Mill puzzle online from photo110 kV switchboard online puzzleRacks puzzle online from photoCamp puzzle online from photoSniper sword puzzle online from photoShraddha online puzzleSolar heater5 online puzzleSword of the samural online puzzleOwl Bird online puzzleFinches By The Dozen puzzle online from photoAE Enclosure puzzle online from photostadium online puzzlefor lamp lovers online puzzle